Apéndice 1: El campo léxico de sonido (Inglés)

Dimension: SOUND: to make a particular noise Parent: MAKE: to cause to come into existence

Verb: sound
Definition: to make a particular noise
Sense: 1
Frame: EMIT_SOUND

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: The best part of the movie begins when the General orders to sound the retreat.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Arg2: (AM) Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The intercom buzzer sounded loudly.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       TEXT_CHARACTER
Example: "Be careful, don't sound the "h" in hour".

Pattern: S V Cs
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Arg2: (Cs) -Conc Eval       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The intercom buzzer sounded loud.

Pattern: S V Cs
Arg1: (S) -Conc Fo       REPRESENTATIONAL_OBJECT
Arg2: (Cs) -Conc Eval       SCALAR_OBJECT_ATTRIBUTE
Example: I hope they will pay attention to Helen, her explanation sounds reasonable.

Pattern: S V Cs
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Cs) -Conc Eval       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: I don't like seeing you like that, you sound a little discouraged.

Dimension: to make a loud sound by speaking Parent: To make a sound by speaking

Verb: bark
Definition: to shout in a rough/harsh voice
Sense: 2
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: The teacher barked at his pupils.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Go Eff       ELEMENT_MATERIAL
Example: The guns barked flame and smoke.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Don't talk!" the boss barked at his secretary.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He barked that he wanted everybody out.

Verb: bawl
Definition: to shout loudly and harshly
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V Od A
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (A )out +Perc Man        PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example The boss spent the whole evening bawling him out.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: He began to bawl at me from across the street.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: At the gate, there was an old man bawling, "Prepare ye the way of Lord!"

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) for Objective Probable Fact Rea       OBJECT
Example: In the midst of the protest march, lesbians and homosexuals began to bawl for equal rights.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) to +Hum Rec        HUMAN
Example The sergeant bawled a command to his men.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) for +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TI) +Perc Go Mess       EVENT
Example: The sergeant bawled for them to stand at attention.

Verb: bellow
Definition: to shout in a loud, deep voice
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Run for cover!" bellowed Stanley above the din.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) at +Hum Rec        HUMAN
Example He bellowed his orders at us through the megaphone.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The old man bellowed loudly when he learnt that she had died.

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) in with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: The soldier began to bellow with pain/with laughter.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He bellowed that the bullet had gone through his arm.

Verb: cry out
Definition: to shout, asking for help, esp. because of fear
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He cried out that the law was unfair.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The gladiator was in great pain, but he didn't cry out.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Get out of my house!" he cried out angrily.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He cried out his orders.

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) in with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: My mother cried out in pain when the doctor touched her ankle.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) for -Conc Rea       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: My mother cried out for joy when she saw her first grandchild.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: She cried out shrilly when they heard the noises.

Verb: holler
Definition: to yell to get sb's attention (AmE infml)
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Just checking if you're still there, " I hollered.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) for +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: We could hear grandmother hollering for Ned from the upstairs window.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: You should have heard him holler!.

Verb: howl
Definition: to shout long and continuously, because of pain, anger
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He howled his complaint.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I hate you all!" he howled.

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The old sailor howled loudly.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He howled that it was unfair.

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) with in +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: When he saw the priest he began to howl in agony.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: She heard the child howling at its mother.

Verb: roar
Definition: to shout in a very loud deep voice for a long time
Sense: 2
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I demand to be treated with respect!" he roared.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: He used to kick, scream and roar if he didn't get what he wanted.

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) in with +Perc Man       NEGATIVE_STATE
Example: He roared with rage when he heard that the battle had been lost.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: The crowd roared its approval.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The crowd roared loudly all through the football game.

Verb: scream
Definition: to yell loudly in a high, piercing way
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: The birds screamed up in the trees.

Pattern: S V PO PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (PO) in with +Perc Man        NEGATIVE_STATE
Example She screamed at us in anger.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) -Anim +Shap Fo       MEDIA_ARTIFACT
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: The newspaper placards screamed the news of the election.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Conc Directi       ARTIFACT
Arg2: (PO) into +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: The sirens screamed into the house.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: Kunta screamed as a whip seared across his back.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: She was screaming hysterically.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       NATURAL_EVENT
Example: The wind screamed down the chimney.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "The kitchen is burning!" she screamed.

Pattern: S V O PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (O )+Perc Go Mess      COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) at +Hum Rec        HUMAN
Example She stood there screaming abuse at me.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) for -Conc Rea       OBJECT
Example: The angry mob was screaming for blood.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She screamed that the car had disappeared.

Verb: screech
Definition: to scream with disagreeable shrillness and harshness
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       BIRD
Example: The parrots screeched in the trees above their heads.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "You'll be sorry you did that!" she screeched.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) at +Hum Rec        HUMAN
Example The neighbour screeched insults at us because of the noise.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: He used to screech at us when she was angry.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: The baker's wife screeched that she would murder me in my bed if I ever came near her.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The girl started to screech loudly when she saw a man in her bedroom.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The tires screeched at a halt.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: When he refused to pay her, the prostitute began to screech and curse at him.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TI) Objective Probable Action Go Mess       EVENT
Example: She screeched at the boys to get out.

Verb: shout
Definition: to make a loud sound by speaking
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: The children on the sand where shouting with excitement.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: There was lots of winds, and we had to shout to be heard.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: They shouted their disapproval.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He shouted that there was an oasis in the distance

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: She was shouting loudly when we arrived there.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Don't leave me alone, " she shouted....

Pattern: S V PO PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (PO) for Objective Certain Event Rea       EVENT
Example: She shouted at us for expoiling her lovely evening.

Verb: shriek
Definition: to scream sharply and loudly in a very shrill way as in great terror or distress
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) at +Hum Rec        HUMAN
Example Outside the courtroom girls shrieked abuse at the lawyers.

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) in with +Perc Man       NEGATIVE_STATE
Example: She shrieked in alarm/with terror.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: She shrieked loudly when someone tried to kill her dog.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The police sirens shrieked as they chased the criminal through the city.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: At the end he shrieked that he hated me.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "No!" He shrieked, "Don't kill him!".

Verb: vociferate
Definition: to shout noisily and continuously
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Go out of here!" She vociferated angrily.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: He vociferated noisily and continuously.

Verb: whoop
Definition: to shout loudly because of excitement or happiness
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) with +Perc Man       POSITIVE_STATE
Example: Eddy whooped with delight.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The cowboys whooped loudly at the rodeo.

Verb: yell
Definition: to shout loudly (because you of excitement, anger or pain)
Sense: 1
Frame: SHOUT

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He yelled orders at everyone.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He began to yell that she was afraid of darkness.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: And suddenly, he began to yell, but nobody could hear him.

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) in with +Perc Man       NEGATIVE_STATE
Example: I yelled (out) in pain.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Come down!" he yelled.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TI) Objective Probable Action Go Mess       EVENT
Example: He yelled at the students to come in.

Pattern: S V PO PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (PO) about for Objective Certain Event Rea        EVENT
Example She yelled at him about his constant drinking.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: He yelled at Richard when he saw the car about to crash.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: We could hear someone yelling loudly inside the house.

Dimension: to make a soft sound by speaking quietly Parent: To make a sound by speaking

Verb: mumble
Definition: to make a quiet and indistinct sound so that the words are difficult to understand
Sense: 1
Frame: WHISPER

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: He mumbled incoherently/softly a few words and then fell sleep.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: He took my hand and mumbled, "Don't worry, you'll be all right"

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: Stop mumbling and say what you mean, for goodness sake.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She mumbled that she didn't want to get up early.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: The drunkard mumbled incoherent words (to none in particular) as he stumbled across the

Verb: murmur
Definition: to make a soft sound so that not many people can hear it
Sense: 1
Frame: WHISPER

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) about +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: In his delirium he kept murmuring about his childhood.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Don't ever stop loving me," she murmured softly.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: They were murmuring behind the curtains.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She murmured that she wanted to sleep.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She sat there, tears in her eyes, murmuring her name.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: Waiting for her husband, she murmured softly.

Verb: mutter
Definition: to murmur because you are angry/complaining/speaking to yourself
Sense: 1
Frame: WHISPER

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: He muttered angrily when I came into the room.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He muttered a threat.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Who has taken my bag from the cupboard?" she muttered.

Pattern: S V Ad Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (Ad) about +/-Con Area      EVENT
Example: Dennis could be heard muttering to himself about my stupidity.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: A voice was heard to mutter that I was trying to ruin the meeting.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) about agains +/-Con Area      EVENT
Example: The students muttered under their breath about the difficult exam.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: I could hear unhappy voices muttering in the crowd.

Verb: whisper
Definition: to make a soft sound using one's breath instead of one's throat
Sense: 1
Frame: WHISPER

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) about +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: What are you whispering about in there?.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: A green car whispered to a halt in front of her.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       FORCE
Example: The evening was pleasant and the wind whispered in the trees.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: Od-TC Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess        COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example My father whispered to us that there was a thief in the house.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: Waiting for her husband, she whispered softly.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The conspirators whispered in the darkness as they made their way towards the house of the

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Follow me, " Claude whispered, "and keep quiet".

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She whispered in my ear that she wanted to go to the toilet.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: I whispered the joyful mews to my sister, so that no one else could hear.

Dimension: to make a musical sound Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY HUMANS

Verb: bawl
Definition: to sing badly in a very loud voice
Sense: 2
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The small children started bawling.

Verb: carol
Definition: to sing happily (esp. Christmas songs)
Sense: 1
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       BIRD
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       SOUND_STREAM
Example: Even the birds caroled their joyful song on Christmas morning.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The choir was caroling with Miss Gray at the piano.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: They caroled cheerfully all through the way back home.

Verb: chant
Definition: to sing a religious prayer/song
Sense: 1
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: As the ceremony continued, the witch doctor began to chant.

Verb: croon
Definition: to sing in a sweet, low voice
Sense: 1
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "You little charmer, " he crooned, "Hollywood should see you".

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: They baby sat there, crooning to himself and throwing sand at the picnic basket.

Verb: hum
Definition: to sing with closed lips without pronouncing words
Sense: 1
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: He could be heard humming all the time.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The man hummed softly a few words.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       SONG
Example: She continued to hum the song over and over.

Verb: sing
Definition: to make musical sounds with your voice
Sense: 1
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: Many people like to sing when they take a shower.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: The children sang that Christmas was coming.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) of about +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: The old man was singing of a green hill far away.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       SONG
Arg3: (PO) for +Hum Rec        HUMAN
Example Would you like me to sing a song for you?

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       SONG
Example: They sang the hymn twice during the church service.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: They sang cheerfully all through the way back home.

Pattern: S V Oi Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Oi) +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (Od) +Perc Go Mess        SONG
Example Would you like me to sing you a song?

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Glory glory hallelujah!" sang the children as they joined in on the chorus.

Verb: warble
Definition: to sing pleasantly in a high-pitched voice with trills (esp. a woman)
Sense: 1
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The critics complained that the prima donna started to warble in the second part of the opera.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: They warbled cheerfully all through the way back home.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       SOUND_STREAM
Example: The singing teacher warbled her happy song in the bath.

Verb: yodel
Definition: to sing, changing quickly and continuously from a normal voice to a very high one (as in
Sense: 1
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: They tried to yodel at the end but it didn't work out.

Dimension: to make a sound expressing unhappiness Parent: to make a sound indicating an emotion

Verb: bawl
Definition: to cry very loudly in an unpleasant way
Sense: 3
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The gypsy was bawling loudly at them because they had not given her any money.

Pattern: S V Od Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (Ad) for Objective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: The teacher used to bawl us out for not doing our homework.

Verb: blubber
Definition: to cry very loudly in an unattractive, infantile way
Sense: 1
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He blubbered that he didn't mean to do it.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The woman blubbered loudly when she saw the man.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I didn't mean to do it" he bubbled out.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: I began to blubber at the unexpected news.

Verb: cry
Definition: to make a sound when you produce tears expressing strong emotions (usually
Sense: 1
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) with in +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: He knew that it was unfair so he cried with anger.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The old woman cried loudly.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) for Objective Certain Event Rea       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: When her son was found alive, she began to cry for joy.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: Madeleine's eyes filled with tears and she began to cry.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) for +Hum Rea       HUMAN
Example: The little girl was crying for her mother.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Why did she have to die?" she cried.

Verb: groan
Definition: to make a long, low-pitched, rather loud moan (to express pain, worry, disapproval, etc)
Sense: 1
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       EVENT
Example: He groaned that the work was too hard.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The boy groaned unhappily all the night.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Conc +/-Art Proce      ARTIFACT
Arg2: (Ad) with in Objective Certain Event Rea       EVENT
Example: The table groaned with food.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: The teacher groaned at us when we began to laugh.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) at Subjective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: The audience groaned at his terrible jokes.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) about over Subjective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: She is always groaning about how much work she has to do.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I'm sick", he groaned.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       NATURAL_EVENT
Example: The wind still roared, and the trees groaned.

Verb: moan
Definition: to make a long, low-pitched sound (to express, pain, grief, suffering, etc)
Sense: 1
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The man moaned painfully when he saw the dead dog.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "What am I going to do?" she moaned.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) about Subjective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: He's always moaning about how poor he is.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She wept and moaned that her husband had abandoned her.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: She moaned the unhappy words to her.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: As he held his broken hand, he lay his back and moaned.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       NATURAL_EVENT
Example: The wind moaned round the house all night.

Verb: sob
Definition: to cry loudly, breathing in short breaths
Sense: 1
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He sobbed that he wanted to go home.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: She sat down the table, sobbing.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Oh, Albert, I'm tired" she sobbed.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The boy sobbed loudly when he saw his father so angry with him.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: He sobbed his sad story to her.

Verb: wail
Definition: to make low, loud, high-pitched cries (to express sorrow, pain)
Sense: 1
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) about over Subjective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: He is always wailing about the mistakes he made in the past.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He sat in the middle of his Christmas presents wailing that the one thing he really wanted was

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: When the monster appeared, they started to wail loudly.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with in +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: They came into a dark room and the little girl began to wail with terror.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: He raised a red, wet face and wailed, "I didn't start the fight, she did"

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He wailed his complaint.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: One of the small children began to wail as we neared the scene of the accident.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The ambulance sirens began to wail as we neared the scene of the accident.

Verb: weep
Definition: to cry very softly
Sense: 1
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) for over +Hum Rea       HUMAN
Example: He began to weep for his mother.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The girl was weeping as she kissed him good-bye.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: The massacre of the children was so terrible that even the battle-hardened soldiers wept

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) over Subjective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: Don't weep over his death.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) for over +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: She wept for joy when won the gold metal.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The mother weep softly when she saw the train going away.

Verb: whimper
Definition: to make short, high-pitched sounds (to express unhappiness)
Sense: 1
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       MAMMAL
Example: The dog was whimpering so she picked it up and carried it home.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: You don't have to feed the baby the minute she begins to whimper.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She whimpered that she wanted to go home.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I want to go home, " she whimpered.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: He whimpered his unhappy news to her.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The old woman whimpered loudly when she heard her son had died.

Verb: whine
Definition: to make a long, high-pitched sound (to express unhappiness)
Sense: 1
Frame: CRY

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: The beggar whined that he wanted some money.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The old woman whined loudly when she saw the man.

Pattern: S V A
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (A )about Subjective Probable Fact Rea      EVENT
Example: My father was a man who never whined or complained about his illness.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The estranged wife complained that her husband did nothing but whining all day.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Please give some money for food", whined the beggar pathetically.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       MAMMAL
Example: Nearby his dog was whining in pain for its broken leg.

Dimension: to make a sound expressing happiness Parent: to make a sound indicating an emotion

Verb: cackle
Definition: to laugh in a loud, high-pitched unpleasant way (like a witch).
Sense: 1
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) -Conc Eff       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: She cackled with delight.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Fools!" she cackled.

Verb: chortle
Definition: to laugh fairly softly with pleasure and satisfaction
Sense: 1
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdM) with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: She chortled with pleasure and amusement.

Pattern: S V AdM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (AdM) with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: She chortled to herself with pleasure and delight.

Verb: chuckle
Definition: to laugh softly (esp. to oneself)
Sense: 1
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I can't believe it", he chuckled.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: He chuckled loudly over the news.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) about Subjective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: When I came in he was chuckling about her words.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: They were chucking over the photographs.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: He chuckled to himself as he read the newspaper.

Verb: giggle
Definition: to laugh softly and repeatedly
Sense: 1
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The absurd sound made her giggle.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: He giggled nervously when he saw his former girlfriend in the shop.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Oh dear, " she giggled, "I'd quite forgotten".

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She giggled that it was the third time she had lost the monkey.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) at Subjective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: He was giggling at one of his silly jokes.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: She began to giggle at her mother whenever she sang old songs.

Verb: guffaw
Definition: to laugh loudly and heartily
Sense: 1
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: He guffawed and thumped his friends between the shoulder blades.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "It is the best joke I've ever heard!" he guffawed.

Verb: howl
Definition: to laugh loudly and repeatedly
Sense: 2
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with -Conc Eff       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: They rolled on the floor, clunching their stomachs and howling with laughter.

Verb: laugh
Definition: to make a sound expressing happiness or amusement
Sense: 1
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: You could hear the man laughing loudly inside the room.

Pattern: S V Od Co
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Hum Aff       HUMAN
Arg3: (Co) Eval        EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example He laugh himself silly.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at about +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: People who have learnt to laugh at themselves are generally much happier.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at about Subjective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: They stopped laughing at the unusual theory when it was found to be predictive.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "You will never get the right answers" , they laughed.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: He grinned, then started to laugh.

Verb: roar
Definition: to laugh loudly and noisily
Sense: 3
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with -Conc Eff       POSITIVE_STATE
Example: He threw back his head and roared with laughter.

Verb: snicker
Definition: to snigger in a high-pitched way
Sense: 1
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) at Objective Certain Event Rea       EVENT
Example: They snickered at the obscene pictures.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: All of them snickered at him.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: They snickered when they saw the couple kissing on the park bench.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) -Conc Eff       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: She snickered loudly as the man came into the room.

Verb: snigger
Definition: to giggle softly in a secret, disrespectful way
Sense: 1
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: What are you sniggering at?

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Did you see that incredible pink hat that she's wearing?" the neighbourhood gossip

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) at Subjective Probable Fact Rea       EVENT
Example: The people sniggered at her foreign accent.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) -Conc Eff       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: She sniggered softly as the man came into the room.

Verb: tittler
Definition: to giggle nervously, esp. To express embarrassment.
Sense: 1
Frame: LAUGH

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "How amusing" she tittered.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The crowd tittered as the magician's rabbit ran away.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: She tittered softly as the man came into the room.

Dimension: to make a sound expressing disapproval Parent: to make a sound indicating an emotion

Verb: boo
Definition: to make loud "boo" sounds indicating disapproval (esp. during a performance, speech, etc)
Sense: 1
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V Od Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (Ad) off +Conc Loc        PLACE
Example They booed the actor off the stage.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The actress was booed loudly.

Verb: hiss
Definition: to make a long, sibilant sound to indicate disapproval; usually during a performance, speech,
Sense: 1
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: He pointed a shaking finger at my friend and hissed through clenched teeth, "You impostor,

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Aff       HUMAN
Example: The critics hissed at the new actor.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: Instead of applauding, the audience began to hiss when the actor came on the stage.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She hissed through clenched teeth that we had to go out.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The audience hissed loudly when the President started to talk.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Hum Aff       HUMAN
Example: The audience hissed the politician with great gusto.

Verb: hoot
Definition: to make a loud, high-pitched sound; usually indicating disapproval
Sense: 1
Frame: HONK

Pattern: S V Od Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Arg3: (Ad) off +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: The crowd hooted the opera singer off the stage.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: That old man is always hooting at us whenever he sees us.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The boys hooted loudly at the football player.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: He pointed at the strange clothes and hooted with laughter.

Verb: whistle
Definition: to make high clear sound by forcing air through a narrow hole to draw sb's attention (usu.
Sense: 1
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The train whistled as it approached the tunnel.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The police whistled loudly when the girl crossed the street.

Dimension: to make a sound by breathing quickly and Parent: to make a sound by breathing

Verb: gasp
Definition: to make a sound by breathing quickly and audibly with difficulty (esp. due to shock or
Sense: 1
Frame: BREATHE

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She managed to gasp a few words.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: Fanny gasped and turned white.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) for +Conc       AIR
Example: He was gasping for air and seemed close to exhaustion.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) in with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: I gasped with astonishment at the magician's skill.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The woman came gasping loudly and then she sat down.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She gasped that she was innocent.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Call the doctor!" she gasped.

Verb: pant
Definition: to make a sound by breathing very quickly and repeatedly with one's mouth open (esp. after
Sense: 1
Frame: BREATHE

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: He was panting heavily as he ran.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Let me go," she panted.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) for +/-Con Rea      EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: The young man was panting for revenge.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She panted that she wanted some water.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He panted out the message.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) for +/-Con Rea      AIR
Example: Tired of running, she was panting for breath.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: Panting and puffing we lugged the boxes to the warehouse.

Verb: puff
Definition: to make a sound by breathing quickly and audibly, expelling air with one's mouth open (esp.
Sense: 1
Frame: BREATHE

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) at on +Art Aff       SMOKING_DEVICE
Example: Despite his lung cancer he was sitting in the armchair puffing away at a cigarette.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       GASEOUS_CHEMICAL_COMPOU
Example: Smoke puffed from the chimney.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: We panted and puffed, as we dragged the branch through the forest.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: I was puffing hard when we reached the house.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc -Anim Aff       GASEOUS_CHEMICAL_COMPOU
Example: Don't puff smoke into people's face.

Verb: sigh
Definition: to make a sound by breathing once, intentionally expelling air loud enough to be heard (esp.
Sense: 1
Frame: BREATHE

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) for +/-Con Rea      OBJECT
Example: Once she was alone, she sighed for his love.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: He sighed with pleasure after the excellent meal.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: He hung the telephone and then sighed heavily.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       SOUND_STREAM
Example: He sighed a deep sigh.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       NATURAL_EVENT
Example: The wind in the forest sighed trough the tress.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: She put down the phone, sighed and shook her head sadly.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I wish I didn't have so much to do", she sighed.

Verb: snore
Definition: to make a sound by breathing noisily when sleeping
Sense: 1
Frame: BREATHE

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: Ellen's mouth fell open and she began to snore loudly.

Verb: snort
Definition: to make a sound by breathing loudly through one's nose
Sense: 1
Frame: BREATHE

Pattern: S V Ad PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Arg3: (PO) at +Conc Cause        REPRESENTATIONAL_OBJECT
Example My father snorted with laughter at the suggestion.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       AUDITORY_ATTRIBUTE
Example: She began to show signs of impatience and snorted audibly.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "You must be joking!" Polly snorted.

Pattern: S V Ad PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Arg3: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: When he came into the house it was so late that my father only snorted with rage at him and

Verb: wheeze
Definition: to make a whistling sound by breathing with difficulty (esp. due to old age, illness)
Sense: 1
Frame: BREATHE

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The engine wheezed loudly before ceasing to work.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: Coughing and wheezing loudly, he climbed up the last few steps.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I've got a sore throat", he wheezed.

Dimension: to make a sound expelling air through one's Parent: to make a sound by expelling air

Verb: belch
Definition: to burp loudly in a vulgar way
Sense: 1
Frame: EXPEL_GAS

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       GASEOUS_CHEMICAL_COMPOU
Example: The truck stalled and belched black smoke.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       VOLCANO
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       GASEOUS_CHEMICAL_COMPOU
Example: The volcano belched out smoke and ashes.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The old man belched vulgarly.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The old man belched in the restaurant and everybody looked at him.

Verb: burp
Definition: to make a noise when air from one's stomach is suddenly forced up through the throat
Sense: 1
Frame: EXPEL_GAS

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: She burped softly into the sleeve of her new dressing gown.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Hum Aff       HUMAN
Example: After giving the baby lunch mummy used to burp him.

Verb: cough
Definition: to make a sudden harsh sound forcing air out of one's throat
Sense: 1
Frame: COUGH

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The smoke made me cough loudly.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       INTERNAL_ANIMAL_SUBSTANCE
Example: He'd been coughing up blood.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: Then the machine started coughing and popping and spluttering.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: There was so much smoke that my sister started coughing.

Verb: hiccup
Definition: to make little coughing sounds in one's throat
Sense: 1
Frame: COUGH

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: She turned over on her side, hiccuped once or twice and went to sleep.

Verb: whistle
Definition: to make a loud high sound, intentionally expelling air out between one's lip's
Sense: 2
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: I could hear him whistling away at his work.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) for to +Hum Rec       ANIMAL
Example: He whistled for her dog.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       NATURAL_EVENT
Example: The wind whistled in across the lake and blew my papers away.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) +Perc Go Mess       SONG
Example: I was whistling a happy tune because it was my birthday.

Dimension: to make a sound expelling air through one's Parent: to make a sound by expelling air

Verb: sneeze
Definition: to make a loud sound suddenly taking in one's breath and expelling it down one's nose
Sense: 1
Frame: BREATHE

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The woman began to sneeze heavily because of the dust.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: We sneezed a lot with hay fever.

Dimension: to make a sound expelling air through one's Parent: to make a sound by expelling air

Verb: break wind
Definition: to make a sound expelling air through the anus
Sense: 4
Frame: EXPEL_GAS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: I don't like people who break wind in public

Verb: fart
Definition: to break wind (vulgar)
Sense: 1
Frame: EXPEL_GAS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: When people fart they are thought to be vulgar.

Dimension: to make a sound like an angry or wild animal Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY ANIMALS (To make a sound

Verb: bay
Definition: to make a deep, howling sound (especially a dog or wolf)
Sense: 1
Frame: HOWL

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       CANINE
Arg2: (PO) at +/-Livi Go      OBJECT
Example: wolves bayling at the moon.

Verb: bellow
Definition: to make a loud, deep sound (esp. a large animal, usually a bull or an elephant)
Sense: 2
Frame: BELLOW

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       MAMMAL
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The doomed elephant bellowed angrily under the tree.

Verb: growl
Definition: to make a low, rumbling noise; especially an angry animal (usually a dog or wolf)
Sense: 1
Frame: HOWL

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       CANINE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The dog growled fiercely at us.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "There is a visitor, " he growled.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He growled out a command.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Aff       HUMAN
Example: He's been in a really bad mood all the day, just growling at everyone.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       CANINE
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Aff       HUMAN
Example: I don't like that dog; it is always growling at us.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The engine growled and suddenly stooped working.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       NATURAL_EVENT
Example: The thunder still growled in the distance.

Verb: hiss
Definition: to make a long, loud "s" sound (usually a snake)
Sense: 2
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       INVERTEBRATE
Example: The snake hissed threateningly from the tree.

Verb: howl
Definition: to make a long, crying sound like a dog or a wolf
Sense: 3
Frame: HOWL

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       CANINE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The dog howled loudly over his master's body.

Verb: roar
Definition: to make a very loud noise like a lion
Sense: 1
Frame: ROAR

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIG_FELINE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The lion was roaring fiercely.

Verb: snarl
Definition: to growl fiercely while showing the teeth (dogs, wolves, lions, etc)
Sense: 1
Frame: HOWL

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       CANINE
Arg2: (PO) at +/-Livi Go      OBJECT
Example: ....dogs snarling and snapping at the heels of the sheep.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       CANINE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The lion snarled threatening in the zoo.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Get out of here!" he snarled.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He snarled that he didn't like people who come in without knocking at the door.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: The boss snarled his threat and went out.

Verb: yowl
Definition: to make a loud, wailing sound like a wildcat or a lion
Sense: 1
Frame: HOWL

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       MAMMAL
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: Mountain lions yowled loudly like tom-cats

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: All the students yowled loudly when the fire alarm began to sound.

Dimension: to make a sound like a domestic animal Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY ANIMALS (To make a sound

Verb: bark
Definition: to make a sudden, loud, rough noise (esp. a dog or wolf)
Sense: 1
Frame: BARK

Pattern: S V AM PO
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       CANINE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Arg3: (PO) at +/-Livi Go      OBJECT
Example: Our dog always barks at strangers.

Verb: bleat
Definition: to make a sound like a sheep, goat or calf
Sense: 1
Frame: BLEAT

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       SHEEP
Example: She heard a lamb bleating in the distance.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Now?" Dixon bleated.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: They bleat about how miserable they are.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He bleated out a feeble excuse.

Verb: bray
Definition: to make a loud, harsh sound like a donkey
Sense: 1
Frame: NEIGH

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       HORSE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The donkeys were braying loudly in the corral.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I hate school!" he brayed.

Verb: grunt
Definition: to make a low, rough sound like a pig
Sense: 1
Frame: GRUNT

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       PIG
Example: Wild boars grunted and snorted.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Arg3: (PO) to +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: He grunted incoherent words to us at the breakfast table.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "What if some shark come along right now?" he grunted.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Example: His father looked up and grunted, then went back to his work.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: He came in grunting with pain and explained that he was alone.

Verb: heehaw
Definition: to bray (typically a donkey). It is used in writing to represent the sound a donkey makes
Sense: 1
Frame: NEIGH

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       HORSE
Example: The donkeys heehawed in the distance.

Verb: low
Definition: to moo deeply (old-fashioned)
Sense: 1
Frame: MOO

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       CATTLE
Example: The cattle are lowing.

Verb: meow
Definition: to make a soft, high-pitched sound like a cat
Sense: 1
Frame: MEOW

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       SMALL_FELINE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: I could hear Black meowing softly outside.

Verb: mew
Definition: to meow very softly like a kitten
Sense: 1
Frame: MEOW

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       SMALL_FELINE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The kitten was mewing hungrily for its supper.

Verb: moo
Definition: to make a long, loud sound like a cow
Sense: 1
Frame: MOO

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       CATTLE
Example: We could hear the cows mooing in the cowshed.

Verb: neigh
Definition: to make a loud sound like a horse
Sense: 1
Frame: NEIGH

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       HORSE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The horses neighed loudly as the Indian entered the barn.

Verb: oink
Definition: to grunt like a pig
Sense: 1
Frame: GRUNT

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       PIG
Example: Wild pigs oinked and grunted.

Verb: purr
Definition: to make a continuous, low vibrating sound (esp. a contented cat)
Sense: 1
Frame: MEOW

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "It's wonderful, " she purred delightedly.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       FELINE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The cat began to purr loudly.

Verb: snort
Definition: to make a sound like a horse or bull, blowing air up or down it's nose
Sense: 2
Frame: NEIGH

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       MAMMAL
Example: The pigs grunted and snorted.

Verb: squeak
Definition: to make a short, high-pitched sound like a small animal, esp. a mouse
Sense: 1
Frame: SQUEAK

Pattern: S V Cs
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Arg2: (Cs) Eval       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The door squeaked open nearby.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       RODENT
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: When its mouth is filled by an insect, a bat can not squeak normally.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: You could hear how she was squeaking.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He squeaked out a few frightened words.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Let go of me!" he squeaked nervously.

Verb: squeal
Definition: to make a loud, high-pitched sound like an animal to express pain or fear (esp. a pig)
Sense: 1
Frame: GRUNT

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       PIG
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The little pig squealed loudly when the snake attacked it.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: From here you could hear the brakes squealing.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: He squealed like a pig.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He squealed his words out.

Verb: whinny
Definition: to neigh softly
Sense: 1
Frame: NEIGH

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       HORSE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The horse whinnied softly when its master appeared.

Dimension: to make a sound like a bird Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY ANIMALS (To make a sound

Verb: cackle
Definition: to cluck loudly (esp. after laying an egg)
Sense: 2
Frame: EMIT_SOUND

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Such a pretty baby" cackled Mrs. Bennett.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: The hens were cackling over their eggs.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) over +/-Con Area      OBJECT
Example: The old ladies were clacking over the latest scandal.

Verb: caw
Definition: to make a loud, harsh sound like a crow or a rook
Sense: 1
Frame: SQUAWK

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Go Mess       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: Rooks cawed loudly in the great benches all round.

Verb: cheep
Definition: to peep softly like a very small bird
Sense: 1
Frame: CHIRP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: Look at the little bird cheeping, perhaps it's hungry.

Verb: chirp
Definition: to make a short, high-pitched sound like a bird
Sense: 1
Frame: CHIRP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       SONG
Example: Birds had begun to chirp and twitter among trees.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: Whenever Peter came in she always began to chirp nonsense about the lovely courtains.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: She always chirped "Good morning" to the people at the bus stop.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: She chirped that it was a beautiful morning.

Verb: cluck
Definition: to make a low, sharp, clicking sound like a hen
Sense: 1
Frame: EMIT_SOUND

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Such a pretty baby" clucked Mrs Morrison.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: They could hear the hens clucking over their eggs.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) over +/-Con Area      OBJECT
Example: Elsa clucked over him and kept giving him glasses of orange juice.

Verb: coo
Definition: to make a low soft sound like a pigeon, or a dove
Sense: 1
Frame: CHIRP

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) over +/-Con Area      OBJECT
Example: They all cooed over the new baby.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: There were pigeons cooing all over the square.

Verb: gobble
Definition: to make a loud, throaty sound like a turkey
Sense: 1
Frame: EMIT_SOUND

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: The turkey began to gobble when we came into the farm.

Verb: honk
Definition: to make a short, loud sound like a goose
Sense: 1
Frame: HONK

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: The geese were making a frightful honking sound.

Verb: hoot
Definition: to make a long "oo" sound like an owl
Sense: 2
Frame: EMIT_SOUND

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: Outside, an owl hooted among the pines.

Verb: peep
Definition: to chirp like a small, young bird
Sense: 2
Frame: CHIRP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: The baby birds were peeping in the nest.

Verb: quack
Definition: to make a sound like a ducks
Sense: 1
Frame: HONK

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: Wild duck quacking on the river.

Verb: sing
Definition: to make a musical sound like some birds and insects
Sense: 2
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       NATURAL_EVENT
Example: I lay there listening to the wind singing through the trees.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: I could hear birds singing in the trees.

Verb: squawk
Definition: to make a loud, sharp noise like a frightened or excited bird
Sense: 1
Frame: SQUAWK

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: My neighbour is always squawking.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Go Mess       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: Scrawny chickens ran squawking around the village.

Verb: trill
Definition: to sing with sharp, high-pitch notes
Sense: 1
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The happy girls trilled in the distance.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: The canaries were trilling away in their cages.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "It's our turn now" trilled the little girls.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       SONG
Example: They trilled their happy song as they worked.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: We could hear the spinning wheels trilling in the garage.

Verb: twitter
Definition: to chirp quickly and repeatedly
Sense: 1
Frame: CHIRP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Example: The birds were hopping about in their perches and twittering.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The old ladies twittered nervously as the knitted.

Verb: warble
Definition: to make a high, pleasant, melodious sound like a bird (esp. a nightingale)
Sense: 2
Frame: SING

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       BIRD
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       SONG
Example: Birds were warbling melodious notes in the trees as they built their nests.

Dimension: to make a sound like an insect Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY ANIMALS (To make a sound

Verb: buzz
Definition: to make a continuous /z/ sound like the sound of a bee flying
Sense: 1
Frame: BUZZ

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with +Perc Go Mess       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: Ann's head buzzed with anger.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Conc Loc       PLACE
Arg2: (Ad) with +Perc Go Mess       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: The room buzzed with excitement.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       INSECT
Example: Bees buzzed around.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) -Conc Fo       ABSTRACT_OBJECT
Example: Lately, I've had too many problems buzzing around my head.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The girls all buzzed around, expecting May Noble.

Verb: chirp
Definition: to make short, high-pitched sound like an insect such as a grasshopper or cricket.
Sense: 2
Frame: CHIRP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       INSECT
Example: Grasshoppers chirped on the tall grass.

Verb: drone
Definition: to buzz in a low, monotonous way
Sense: 1
Frame: BUZZ

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       INSECT
Example: I was tired of listening to the bees droning.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       SONG
Example: I don't like the singer who drone out the hymn.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) about +Perc Go Mess       OBJECT
Example: The chairman drone on about his youth for hours.

Dimension: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY NATURE Parent: SOUND: to make a particular noise

Verb: babble
Definition: to make a low bubbling sound (e.g. a stream) (literary use)
Sense: 1
Frame: BUBBLE

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "I feel perhaps her great age" babbled the vicar.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Example: Little Emma had been babbling on all morning.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       RIVER
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: I felt sleep, as the stream babbled softly.

Verb: bubble
Definition: to make a sound of water boiling or air bubbles rising to the surface (e.g. a stream or
Sense: 1
Frame: BUBBLE

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       NATURAL_EVENT
Example: The hot liquid began to bubble.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) -Conc Fo       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: All the anger that I felt towards the man was bubbling away deep inside me...

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Exp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with +Perc Man       EMOTIONAL_EVENT
Example: At the end of the day I was bubbling with excitement.

Verb: burble
Definition: to make a continuous, low bubbling sound (e.g. a brook or stream)
Sense: 1
Frame: BUBBLE

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) about +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He burbled about the restoration of democracy.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       RIVER
Example: Hot mud burbled down from a side valley.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Why does my boyfriend want to see those old letters?" she burbled.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He was burbling that life was better years ago.

Verb: crash
Definition: to make a very loud, sudden, violent noise (e.g. thunder)
Sense: 1
Frame: BANG

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       THUNDER
Example: The lightning flashed and the thunder crashed.

Verb: gurgle
Definition: to make a rippling, bubbling sound (e.g., a stream, waves, a brook)
Sense: 1
Frame: BUBBLE

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       RIVER
Example: We stared into the gloomy crack were water gurgled between the rocks.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: Kicking and gurgling, his little brother looked up at him.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Mum, mum" gurgled the little boy happily.

Verb: howl
Definition: to make a loud, continuous crying noise (strong wind blowing)
Sense: 4
Frame: RUMBLE

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       WIND
Example: The wind howling through the smashed windowpanes.

Verb: murmur
Definition: to make a continuous, low, indistinct sound, such as wind or water
Sense: 2
Frame: BUBBLE

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       WIND
Example: The wind murmured in the trees.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       RIVER
Example: The brook was murmuring softly as we stared at the sunset.

Verb: patter
Definition: to make a series of quiet tapping sounds
Sense: 1
Frame: BUBBLE

Pattern: S V AdP
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdP) on agains +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: I could hear him pattering along the corridor in his bare feet.

Pattern: S V AdP
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       RAIN
Arg2: (AdP) on agains +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: Spots of rain pattered on the window.

Verb: roar
Definition: to make a very loud, continuous noise (e.g. very strong blowing wind, ocean waves)
Sense: 4
Frame: RUMBLE

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       NATURAL_EVENT
Example: The wind roared in the forest.

Verb: rumble
Definition: to make low, continuous, throbbing sound (e.g. distant thunder, volcanic eruption)
Sense: 1
Frame: RUMBLE

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       THUNDER
Example: Thunder rumbling in the distance.

Verb: rustle
Definition: to make a soft sound as of leaves blowing in the wind
Sense: 1
Frame: RUSTLE

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       WIND
Arg2: (Od) +Conc -Anim Aff       EXTERNAL_PLANT_PART
Example: A cold wind rustling the leaves.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       EXTERNAL_PLANT_PART
Example: You could hear the leaves rustling.

Verb: thunder
Definition: to make a very loud, deep durative noise (esp. thunder)
Sense: 1
Frame: RUMBLE

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "How dare you speak to me like that?" he thundered.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) agains at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: What right have you got to thunder at me like that?

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       THUNDER
Example: It thundered all night.

Pattern: S V Od-TC
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-TC) Subjective Probable Fact Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He thundered that you didn't have any right to stay there.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) agains at -Conc Rec       ABSTRACT_OBJECT
Example: Reformers thundered against corruption.

Dimension: to make a musical sound Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY OBJECTS

Verb: beep
Definition: to make a fairly short, harsh sound (e.g. phone signal)
Sense: 1
Frame: BEEP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: You could hear the telephone beeping all the time.

Verb: bleep
Definition: to beep in a short, high-pitched continuous way (e.g. electronic devices)
Sense: 1
Frame: BEEP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: The alarm was bleeping.

Verb: chime
Definition: to ring clearly and loudly like a bell
Sense: 1
Frame: RING_EVENT

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Yes, he will" they chimed in.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Example: He always chimes the bell at midnight.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: Everytime he spoke, she would always chime in and agree.

Verb: clang
Definition: to ring loudly, deeply and discordantly like a big bell
Sense: 1
Frame: RING_EVENT

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Example: She was methodically clanging the brass bell.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: The sound of the bells clanging.

Verb: honk
Definition: to make a short, loud sound (usu. car horns)
Sense: 2
Frame: HONK

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Arg3: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: She honked the horn at me when she recognized my dress.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: Horns honked incessantly.

Verb: hoot
Definition: to make a loud honk on one note (horns)
Sense: 3
Frame: HONK

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +/-Hu Rec      ANIMAL
Example: The driver hooted at the sheep in the road.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Example: The driver hooted his horn.

Verb: jangle
Definition: to jingle loudly, unpleasantly and discordantly
Sense: 1
Frame: RING_EVENT

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: Enamel mugs and saucepans which jangled in the wind.

Verb: jingle
Definition: to ring gently like small bells
Sense: 1
Frame: RING_EVENT

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Example: Don't jingle that bunch of keys in your pockets.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: She was waving her arms so that her bracelet jingled.

Verb: peal
Definition: to ring loudly and continuously like a big bell
Sense: 1
Frame: RING_EVENT

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Example: Peal the bells to celebrate victory.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: Listen to the church bells pealing.

Verb: ring
Definition: to make a metallic, musical sound like a bell
Sense: 1
Frame: RING_EVENT

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: In the distance a church bell was ringing.

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Arg3: (PO) for +Hum Rec        HUMAN
Example "Wait a minute, I'll ring for the nurse".

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Arg3: (PO) for Objective Probable Event        EVENT
Example "Get ready", he said "mother will ring the bell for tea in a minute".

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Example: He had to ring the bell several times before the door opened.

Pattern: S V Cs
Arg1: (S) -Conc Fo       ABSTRACT_OBJECT
Arg2: (Cs) Eval       MENTAL_OBJECT_ATTRIBUTE
Example: What he said rang true.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Loc Fo       PLACE
Arg2: (Ad) with +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The farm rang with the cries of the geese.

Pattern: S V AM
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE_ATTRIBUTE
Arg2: (AM) +Perc Man       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The bells rang incessantly/ loudly all the evening.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Exp       AUDITORY_ORGAN
Example: The music was so loud that it made my ears ring.

Verb: ting
Definition: to ring once gently in a high-pitched way like a small bell
Sense: 1
Frame: RING_EVENT

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: I heard the bell ting once.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Example: Then my father tinged the bell twice.

Verb: tinkle
Definition: to ring gently and continuously like a small bell
Sense: 1
Frame: RING_EVENT

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: I could hear the bells tinkling.

Verb: toll
Definition: to ring slowly, loudly, deeply and continuously like a big bell
Sense: 1
Frame: RING_EVENT

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Arg3: (PO) for +Hum Rec        HUMAN
Example The priest tolled the church bell for the dead soldier.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Arg2: (PO) for +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: The bell tolled for him.

Verb: toot
Definition: to make a short honk or series of honks
Sense: 1
Frame: HONK

Pattern: S V Od PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Arg3: (PO) at +Hum Rec        HUMAN
Example He tooted the horn at the children.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       DEVICE
Example: He hooted his horn.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: I heard a horn toot when she crossed the road.

Verb: twang
Definition: to make a sound pulling and releasing a tight wire (e.g. a guitar)
Sense: 1
Frame: EMIT_SOUND

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Art Aff       ARTIFACT
Example: He was sitting twanging a guitar.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: The springs on the bed twanged.

Dimension: to make a metallic sound Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY OBJECTS

Verb: chink
Definition: to click lightly with a ringing sound (e.g. coins, pieces of glass)
Sense: 1
Frame: CLINK

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc -Anim Aff       ARTIFACT
Example: We chinked glasses and drank.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The coins chinked in the chest as the pirates buried their treasure.

Verb: clank
Definition: to make a loud, metallic sound (heavy metal objects)
Sense: 1
Frame: BANG

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc -Anim Aff       ARTIFACT
Example: Nobody knew who was clanking the chains in the darkness.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The old train creaked and clanked.

Verb: clash
Definition: to make a very loud metallic sound (metal objects)
Sense: 1
Frame: BANG

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Arg2: (Ad) with +Conc Aff       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The fittings clash with the architecture.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc -Anim Aff       ARTIFACT
Example: She clashed the cymbals together.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The swords clashed as the duel continued.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) -Conc Fo       ABSTRACT_OBJECT
Arg2: (Ad) with -Conc       ABSTRACT_OBJECT
Example: This belief clashes with all that we know about human psychology.

Verb: clink
Definition: to make a short, light, metallic sound (metal object touching each other)
Sense: 1
Frame: CLINK

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: She made a toast, clinking her glass against Rudolph's.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The glass clinked in the kitchen.

Verb: clunk
Definition: to clank heavily, making a dull sound (metal objects hitting each other)
Sense: 1
Frame: BANG

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The gun clunked to the ground.

Dimension: to make a frictional sound Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY OBJECTS

Verb: creak
Definition: to make a harsh unpleasant sound, especially when you stand or sit on something.
Sense: 1
Frame: GRIND

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The door creaked and Clastle turned quickly.

Verb: crunch
Definition: to make a harsh frictional noise as though something is breaking.
Sense: 1
Frame: GRIND

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: I crunched a wine glass underfoot.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The snow would crunch beneath our steps.

Verb: grate
Definition: to make a rough, harsh, frictional sound when two surfaces rub hard and roughly against
Sense: 2
Frame: GRIND

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc -Anim Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: He grated his teeth.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: He could hear the file grating against the prison bars.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       SOUND_STREAM
Arg2: (PO) on +Hum Aff       HUMAN
Example: That shrill laugh grates on me.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) -Conc Fo       SOCIAL_ROLE_ATTRIBUTE
Arg2: (PO) on +Hum Aff       HUMAN
Example: His bad manners grated on me more than you can imagine.

Verb: grind
Definition: to make a rough scraping frictional noise (usu. in order to crush sth.)
Sense: 1
Frame: GRIND

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       DEVICE
Example: The lift grinds in the shaft.

Verb: rasp
Definition: to make a rough, harsh, frictional sound unpleasant to hear
Sense: 1
Frame: GRIND

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The gate rasped when it was opened.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "It's frightful" she rasped.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       MUSICAL_INSTRUMENT
Example: You could listen to the learner rasping on his violin.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: I was tired of listening the boss rasping his orders.

Verb: scrape
Definition: to make a hard, unpleasant frictional sound by rubbing two objects together
Sense: 2
Frame: GRIND

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       DIRECTIVE_ACT
Example: The lift doors scraped back.

Dimension: to make a punctual, explosive sound Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY OBJECTS

Verb: applaud
Definition: to clap one's hands (to express appreciation or excitement)
Sense: 2
Frame: CLAP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: The children applauded at the end of the song.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: The whole assembly applauded him.

Verb: bang
Definition: to make a loud, sharp, sudden, puntual, explosive sound
Sense: 1
Frame: BANG

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: Don't bang the door!.

Pattern: S V Od AP
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Arg3: (AP) +Conc +Loc Aff       PLACE
Example: He banged the bowl down to the table.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: A shed door banged.

Pattern: S V AP Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AP) on +Conc +Loc Aff       PLACE
Arg3: (Ad) with +Conc       DIRECTIVE_ACT
Example: The boys used to bang on the doors with sticks.

Verb: clack
Definition: to make a short, punctual, explosive sound (usu. wooden objects hitting each other)
Sense: 1
Frame: CLICK

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       DEVICE
Example: You could hear the sewing machine clacking from the other room.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       DEVICE
Example: I picked up the shears and began to clack them menacingly in the mid-air.

Verb: clap
Definition: to make a loud, sharp, sudden, puntual, explosive sound
Sense: 1
Frame: CLAP

Pattern: S V AdP
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (AdP) to +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: He clapped his hands to his head.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: At once all the hands began to clap.

Verb: clatter
Definition: to make a continuous series of short, loud, clacking sounds
Sense: 1
Frame: CLAP

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Ad) with at +Conc Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: My sister used to clatter at the typewriter.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: You could hear knives and forks clattering on the table.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: My sister was clattering the pots around the kitchen.

Verb: click
Definition: to make a short, sharp, punctual, explosive sound (usu. sth. turning on)
Sense: 1
Frame: CLICK

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) -Conc Fo       ABSTRACT_OBJECT
Example: I puzzled over the problem for hours before something finally clicked.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Example: We seemed to click as soon as we meet.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       DEVICE
Example: His camera was clicking away.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       DEVICE
Example: He clicked the receiver down.

Verb: crack
Definition: to make a very sharp, sudden, punctual sound, esp. indicative of sth. breaking or being
Sense: 4
Frame: CLAP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The whips began to crack over their heads.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: When the slaves began to waken, the master would crack its whip on the floor.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Exp       SOUND_STREAM
Example: A boy's voice cracks at puberty.

Verb: crackle
Definition: to make a rapid series of short, harsh, cracking sounds (e.g. fire burning)
Sense: 1
Frame: CLAP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       FIRE
Example: A bonfire crackled in the garden.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: The loudspeaker crackled.

Verb: crash
Definition: to make a sudden, punctual, explosive sound, esp. indicative of the destruction of sth.
Sense: 2
Frame: BANG

Pattern: S V Od Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Arg3: (Ad) +Conc Loc        PLACE
Example The teacher crashed her book down on the desk to show how angry she was.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Arg2: (Ad) to +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: The glass spins from a hand and clashed to the floor.

Verb: pop
Definition: to make a sudden, explosive, punctual sound especially indicative of a cork coming out of a
Sense: 1
Frame: POP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The engine began coughing and popping.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: Colin popped the balloon with a pin.

Verb: snap
Definition: to make a sharp, cracking noise, esp. indicative of sth. breaking
Sense: 1
Frame: CLAP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The rope snapped.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The circus manager snapped his whip.

Pattern: S V PO
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (PO) at +Hum Rec       HUMAN
Example: She often would snap at her younger son.

Pattern: S V Cs
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Arg2: (Cs) Eval       PERCEPTUAL_ATTRIBUTE
Example: The lid snapped shut.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Come here at once" she snapped.

Dimension: to make a dull, punctual sound (sth. hitting sth Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY OBJECTS

Verb: plop
Definition: to make a soft, dull, punctual sound, like a light object falling and hitting sth. gently
Sense: 1
Frame: THUD

Pattern: S V AdP
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Arg2: (AdP) +Conc Loc       LOCATION
Example: The raft plopped into the water and bobbed gently on the surface.

Verb: thud
Definition: to make a loud, dull, punctual sound (usu. a heavy object falling to the ground)
Sense: 1
Frame: THUD

Pattern: S V AdP
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Arg2: (AdP) on onto +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: The mail bags thudded onto the platform.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HEART
Example: She spoke slowly, with her heart thudding.

Verb: thump
Definition: to make a loud, dull, punctual sound (a heavy object hitting sth.)
Sense: 1
Frame: THUD

Pattern: S V AdP
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Arg2: (AdP) on onto +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: The mail bags thumped onto the platform.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HEART
Example: My heart began to thump when we kissed each other.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The kitchen door opened, then thumped up the stairs....

Dimension: to make a dull, punctual sound (like a heavy Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY OBJECTS

Verb: splash
Definition: to make a loud, dull, punctual noise by hitting or disturbing liquid (usu. water)
Sense: 1
Frame: SPLASH

Pattern: S V Od AdP
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc -Anim Aff       LIQUID_CHEMICAL_COMPOUND
Arg3: (AdP) +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: Ralph started to run, splashing water on the floor.

Pattern: S V S Ad
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (S) +Hum Ag       EXTERNAL_ANIMAL_PART
Arg3: (Ad) with +Conc Instru       LIQUID_CHEMICAL_COMPOUND
Example: Neil was bending over the basin and splashing his face with water.

Pattern: S V AdP
Arg1: (S) +NFo Fo       RAIN
Arg2: (AdP) +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: The rain splashed into the river.

Dimension: to make a durative sound Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY OBJECTS

Verb: boom
Definition: to make a loud, deep, echoing noise (e.g. a cannon, big drum, loud voice)
Sense: 1
Frame: BANG

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The cannon boomed again.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "Nonsense" he boomed.

Verb: buzz
Definition: to make durative /z/ sounds (e.g. planes, phones, switchboards)
Sense: 2
Frame: BUZZ

Pattern: S V AdP
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Arg2: (AdP) +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: Those were light planes I had seen buzzing around all day.

Verb: hum
Definition: to make a low, durative noise (of an engine, machines, general sound of talking).
Sense: 2
Frame: BUZZ

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: The car engines honked and hummed in the road.

Verb: purr
Definition: to make a quiet, low-pitched, durative, vibrating, humming sound (car engine, movie
Sense: 2
Frame: BUZZ

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: I heard the engine purr as it finally warned up.

Verb: roar
Definition: to make a very loud, durative noise (e.g. traffic, explosions, etc)
Sense: 5
Frame: BANG

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       ARTIFACT
Example: The cars roared down the freeway.

Verb: rumble
Definition: to make a low, durative, throbbing sound (e.g. passing truck, hungry stomach, rolling
Sense: 2
Frame: RUMBLE

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       DIGESTIVE_SYSTEM
Example: His stomach was already rumbling for breakfast.

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo
Arg2: (Ad) +Conc Directi       DIRECTION
Example: The bus rumbled into Lerwick at ten.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       DEVICE
Example: The cannons were rumbling in the distance.

Verb: rustle
Definition: to make soft, iterative, sibilant sounds as something (e.g. leaves, paper, skirts) moves gently
Sense: 2
Frame: RUSTLE

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Conc -Anim Aff       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: He rustled his papers.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The papers rustled.

Verb: thunder
Definition: to make a very loud, deep, durative noise (e.g. traffic, hooves, large drums, cannons, etc)
Sense: 2
Frame: BANG

Pattern: S V Ad
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       ARTIFACT
Arg2: (Ad) +Conc Directi       DIRECTION
Example: A truck thundered by.

Verb: whirr
Definition: to make a fast, continuous series of low, durative sounds which blend to make one sound
Sense: 1
Frame: BUZZ

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: Fans whirred on the ceiling.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       INSECT
Example: Bees whirring and buzzing through the air.

Verb: zoom
Definition: to make a low-pitched, durative, humming noise (usu. indicating speed)
Sense: 3
Frame: BUZZ

Pattern: S V AP
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       DEVICE
Arg2: (AP) +Conc Loc       PLACE
Example: You could hear the motorbikes zoomed on the night air.

Dimension: to make an iterative, sibilant sound Parent: SOUNDS PRODUCED BY OBJECTS

Verb: drone
Definition: to make a low, monotonous, buzzing sound (e.g. engine, traffic)
Sense: 2
Frame: BUZZ

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: The engine droned on and we flew northward.

Verb: fizz
Definition: to make a hissing sound, producing lots of little bubbles of gas
Sense: 1
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       FIRE
Example: The fireworks fizzed for a while and then went away.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc -Anim Fo       LIQUID_CHEMICAL_COMPOUND
Example: I don't really like that type of wine that fizzes a lot.

Verb: fizzle
Definition: to fizz weakly
Sense: 1
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       FIRE
Example: The fire fizzled and spat.

Verb: hiss
Definition: to make an iterative, sibilant sound like a long "s" (e.g. hot pan in water, meat roasting)
Sense: 3
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       DEVICE
Example: If you shove aluminium frying pan into water it will hiss and perhaps buckle.

Verb: sizzle
Definition: to make a hissing sound, typically food frying
Sense: 1
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: When I put a wet finger on it, the rock sizzled like a hot iron.

Verb: spit
Definition: to make a series of short, sharp, hissing noises (usu. an engine, fire, etc)
Sense: 2
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: The fire cracked and spat.

Verb: splutter
Definition: to make a series of short spitting noises caused by liquid being forced out (usu. an engine)
Sense: 1
Frame: POP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: Ink spluttered out of my pen and made a terrible blot on the page.

Pattern: S V Od-DQ
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp
Arg2: (Od-DQ) Direct Speech Act Go Mess       SPOKEN_WORDS
Example: "They are my friends" I spluttered.

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Hum Ag Sp       HUMAN
Arg2: (Od) +Perc Go Mess       COMMUNICATIVE_CONTENT
Example: He spluttered a few words of apology.

Verb: sputter
Definition: to make a soft, hissing, popping sound (esp. of an engine)
Sense: 1
Frame: POP

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Art Fo       DEVICE
Example: Then the engine began coughing and sputting.

Verb: swish
Definition: to make a soft, iterative, sibilant sound as something (e.g. curtains, a horse's tail) moves
Sense: 1
Frame: HISS

Pattern: S V Od
Arg1: (S) +Anim Ag       ANIMAL
Arg2: (Od) +Conc Aff       EXTERNAL_ANIMAL_PART
Example: The horses stood together swishing their tails because of the flies.

Pattern: S V
Arg1: (S) +Conc Fo       PHYSICAL_OBJECT
Example: The courtains swished open.